pbuf.c

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Swedish Institute of Computer Science.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
 * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
 * SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
 * OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
 * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
 * OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * This file is part of the lwIP TCP/IP stack.
 *
 * Author: Adam Dunkels <adam@sics.se>
 *
 */

#include "lwip/opt.h"

#include "lwip/stats.h"
#include "lwip/def.h"
#include "lwip/mem.h"
#include "lwip/memp.h"
#include "lwip/pbuf.h"
#include "lwip/sys.h"
#if LWIP_TCP && TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ
#include "lwip/priv/tcp_priv.h"
#endif
#if LWIP_CHECKSUM_ON_COPY
#include "lwip/inet_chksum.h"
#endif

#include <string.h>

#define SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF        LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(sizeof(struct pbuf))
/* Since the pool is created in memp, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE will be automatically
   aligned there. Therefore, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED can be used here. */
#define PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE)

#if !LWIP_TCP || !TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ || !PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ
#define PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY()
#else /* !LWIP_TCP || !TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ || !PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ */

#if !NO_SYS
#ifndef PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL
#include "lwip/tcpip.h"
#define PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL()  do { \
  if (tcpip_callback_with_block(pbuf_free_ooseq_callback, NULL, 0) != ERR_OK) { \
      SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level); \
      pbuf_free_ooseq_pending = 0; \
      SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level); \
  } } while(0)
#endif /* PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL */
#endif /* !NO_SYS */

volatile u8_t pbuf_free_ooseq_pending;
#define PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY() pbuf_pool_is_empty()

#if !NO_SYS
static
#endif /* !NO_SYS */
void
pbuf_free_ooseq(void)
{
  struct tcp_pcb* pcb;
  SYS_ARCH_SET(pbuf_free_ooseq_pending, 0);

  for (pcb = tcp_active_pcbs; NULL != pcb; pcb = pcb->next) {
    if (NULL != pcb->ooseq) {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free_ooseq: freeing out-of-sequence pbufs\n"));
      tcp_segs_free(pcb->ooseq);
      pcb->ooseq = NULL;
      return;
    }
  }
}

#if !NO_SYS

static void
pbuf_free_ooseq_callback(void *arg)
{
  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(arg);
  pbuf_free_ooseq();
}
#endif /* !NO_SYS */

static void
pbuf_pool_is_empty(void)
{
#ifndef PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL
  SYS_ARCH_SET(pbuf_free_ooseq_pending, 1);
#else /* PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL */
  u8_t queued;
  SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
  SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
  queued = pbuf_free_ooseq_pending;
  pbuf_free_ooseq_pending = 1;
  SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);

  if (!queued) {
    /* queue a call to pbuf_free_ooseq if not already queued */
    PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL();
  }
#endif /* PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ_QUEUE_CALL */
}
#endif /* !LWIP_TCP || !TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ || !PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ */

struct pbuf *
pbuf_alloc(pbuf_layer layer, u16_t length, pbuf_type type)
{
  struct pbuf *p, *q, *r;
  u16_t offset;
  s32_t rem_len; /* remaining length */
  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloc(length=%"U16_F")\n", length));

  /* determine header offset */
  switch (layer) {
  case PBUF_TRANSPORT:
    /* add room for transport (often TCP) layer header */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN + PBUF_LINK_HLEN + PBUF_IP_HLEN + PBUF_TRANSPORT_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_IP:
    /* add room for IP layer header */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN + PBUF_LINK_HLEN + PBUF_IP_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_LINK:
    /* add room for link layer header */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN + PBUF_LINK_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_RAW_TX:
    /* add room for encapsulating link layer headers (e.g. 802.11) */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_RAW:
    /* no offset (e.g. RX buffers or chain successors) */
    offset = 0;
    break;
  default:
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: bad pbuf layer", 0);
    return NULL;
  }

  switch (type) {
  case PBUF_POOL:
    /* allocate head of pbuf chain into p */
    p = (struct pbuf *)memp_malloc(MEMP_PBUF_POOL);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloc: allocated pbuf %p\n", (void *)p));
    if (p == NULL) {
      PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY();
      return NULL;
    }
    p->type = type;
    p->next = NULL;

    /* make the payload pointer point 'offset' bytes into pbuf data memory */
    p->payload = LWIP_MEM_ALIGN((void *)((u8_t *)p + (SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + offset)));
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: pbuf p->payload properly aligned",
            ((mem_ptr_t)p->payload % MEM_ALIGNMENT) == 0);
    /* the total length of the pbuf chain is the requested size */
    p->tot_len = length;
    /* set the length of the first pbuf in the chain */
    p->len = LWIP_MIN(length, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED - LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset));
    LWIP_ASSERT("check p->payload + p->len does not overflow pbuf",
                ((u8_t*)p->payload + p->len <=
                 (u8_t*)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED));
    LWIP_ASSERT("PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE must be bigger than MEM_ALIGNMENT",
      (PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED - LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset)) > 0 );
    /* set reference count (needed here in case we fail) */
    p->ref = 1;

    /* now allocate the tail of the pbuf chain */

    /* remember first pbuf for linkage in next iteration */
    r = p;
    /* remaining length to be allocated */
    rem_len = length - p->len;
    /* any remaining pbufs to be allocated? */
    while (rem_len > 0) {
      q = (struct pbuf *)memp_malloc(MEMP_PBUF_POOL);
      if (q == NULL) {
        PBUF_POOL_IS_EMPTY();
        /* free chain so far allocated */
        pbuf_free(p);
        /* bail out unsuccessfully */
        return NULL;
      }
      q->type = type;
      q->flags = 0;
      q->next = NULL;
      /* make previous pbuf point to this pbuf */
      r->next = q;
      /* set total length of this pbuf and next in chain */
      LWIP_ASSERT("rem_len < max_u16_t", rem_len < 0xffff);
      q->tot_len = (u16_t)rem_len;
      /* this pbuf length is pool size, unless smaller sized tail */
      q->len = LWIP_MIN((u16_t)rem_len, PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED);
      q->payload = (void *)((u8_t *)q + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF);
      LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: pbuf q->payload properly aligned",
              ((mem_ptr_t)q->payload % MEM_ALIGNMENT) == 0);
      LWIP_ASSERT("check p->payload + p->len does not overflow pbuf",
                  ((u8_t*)p->payload + p->len <=
                   (u8_t*)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + PBUF_POOL_BUFSIZE_ALIGNED));
      q->ref = 1;
      /* calculate remaining length to be allocated */
      rem_len -= q->len;
      /* remember this pbuf for linkage in next iteration */
      r = q;
    }
    /* end of chain */
    /*r->next = NULL;*/

    break;
  case PBUF_RAM:
    /* If pbuf is to be allocated in RAM, allocate memory for it. */
    p = (struct pbuf*)mem_malloc(LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + offset) + LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(length));
    if (p == NULL) {
      return NULL;
    }
    /* Set up internal structure of the pbuf. */
    p->payload = LWIP_MEM_ALIGN((void *)((u8_t *)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF + offset));
    p->len = p->tot_len = length;
    p->next = NULL;
    p->type = type;

    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: pbuf->payload properly aligned",
           ((mem_ptr_t)p->payload % MEM_ALIGNMENT) == 0);
    break;
  /* pbuf references existing (non-volatile static constant) ROM payload? */
  case PBUF_ROM:
  /* pbuf references existing (externally allocated) RAM payload? */
  case PBUF_REF:
    /* only allocate memory for the pbuf structure */
    p = (struct pbuf *)memp_malloc(MEMP_PBUF);
    if (p == NULL) {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
                  ("pbuf_alloc: Could not allocate MEMP_PBUF for PBUF_%s.\n",
                  (type == PBUF_ROM) ? "ROM" : "REF"));
      return NULL;
    }
    /* caller must set this field properly, afterwards */
    p->payload = NULL;
    p->len = p->tot_len = length;
    p->next = NULL;
    p->type = type;
    break;
  default:
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloc: erroneous type", 0);
    return NULL;
  }
  /* set reference count */
  p->ref = 1;
  /* set flags */
  p->flags = 0;
  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloc(length=%"U16_F") == %p\n", length, (void *)p));
  return p;
}

#if LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF

struct pbuf*
pbuf_alloced_custom(pbuf_layer l, u16_t length, pbuf_type type, struct pbuf_custom *p,
                    void *payload_mem, u16_t payload_mem_len)
{
  u16_t offset;
  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_alloced_custom(length=%"U16_F")\n", length));

  /* determine header offset */
  switch (l) {
  case PBUF_TRANSPORT:
    /* add room for transport (often TCP) layer header */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN + PBUF_LINK_HLEN + PBUF_IP_HLEN + PBUF_TRANSPORT_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_IP:
    /* add room for IP layer header */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN + PBUF_LINK_HLEN + PBUF_IP_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_LINK:
    /* add room for link layer header */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN + PBUF_LINK_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_RAW_TX:
    /* add room for encapsulating link layer headers (e.g. 802.11) */
    offset = PBUF_LINK_ENCAPSULATION_HLEN;
    break;
  case PBUF_RAW:
    offset = 0;
    break;
  default:
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_alloced_custom: bad pbuf layer", 0);
    return NULL;
  }

  if (LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset) + length > payload_mem_len) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING, ("pbuf_alloced_custom(length=%"U16_F") buffer too short\n", length));
    return NULL;
  }

  p->pbuf.next = NULL;
  if (payload_mem != NULL) {
    p->pbuf.payload = (u8_t *)payload_mem + LWIP_MEM_ALIGN_SIZE(offset);
  } else {
    p->pbuf.payload = NULL;
  }
  p->pbuf.flags = PBUF_FLAG_IS_CUSTOM;
  p->pbuf.len = p->pbuf.tot_len = length;
  p->pbuf.type = type;
  p->pbuf.ref = 1;
  return &p->pbuf;
}
#endif /* LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF */

void
pbuf_realloc(struct pbuf *p, u16_t new_len)
{
  struct pbuf *q;
  u16_t rem_len; /* remaining length */
  s32_t grow;

  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_realloc: p != NULL", p != NULL);
  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_realloc: sane p->type", p->type == PBUF_POOL ||
              p->type == PBUF_ROM ||
              p->type == PBUF_RAM ||
              p->type == PBUF_REF);

  /* desired length larger than current length? */
  if (new_len >= p->tot_len) {
    /* enlarging not yet supported */
    return;
  }

  /* the pbuf chain grows by (new_len - p->tot_len) bytes
   * (which may be negative in case of shrinking) */
  grow = new_len - p->tot_len;

  /* first, step over any pbufs that should remain in the chain */
  rem_len = new_len;
  q = p;
  /* should this pbuf be kept? */
  while (rem_len > q->len) {
    /* decrease remaining length by pbuf length */
    rem_len -= q->len;
    /* decrease total length indicator */
    LWIP_ASSERT("grow < max_u16_t", grow < 0xffff);
    q->tot_len += (u16_t)grow;
    /* proceed to next pbuf in chain */
    q = q->next;
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_realloc: q != NULL", q != NULL);
  }
  /* we have now reached the new last pbuf (in q) */
  /* rem_len == desired length for pbuf q */

  /* shrink allocated memory for PBUF_RAM */
  /* (other types merely adjust their length fields */
  if ((q->type == PBUF_RAM) && (rem_len != q->len)
#if LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF
      && ((q->flags & PBUF_FLAG_IS_CUSTOM) == 0)
#endif /* LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF */
     ) {
    /* reallocate and adjust the length of the pbuf that will be split */
    q = (struct pbuf *)mem_trim(q, (u16_t)((u8_t *)q->payload - (u8_t *)q) + rem_len);
    LWIP_ASSERT("mem_trim returned q == NULL", q != NULL);
  }
  /* adjust length fields for new last pbuf */
  q->len = rem_len;
  q->tot_len = q->len;

  /* any remaining pbufs in chain? */
  if (q->next != NULL) {
    /* free remaining pbufs in chain */
    pbuf_free(q->next);
  }
  /* q is last packet in chain */
  q->next = NULL;

}

static u8_t
pbuf_header_impl(struct pbuf *p, s16_t header_size_increment, u8_t force)
{
  u16_t type;
  void *payload;
  u16_t increment_magnitude;

  LWIP_ASSERT("p != NULL", p != NULL);
  if ((header_size_increment == 0) || (p == NULL)) {
    return 0;
  }

  if (header_size_increment < 0) {
    increment_magnitude = -header_size_increment;
    /* Check that we aren't going to move off the end of the pbuf */
    LWIP_ERROR("increment_magnitude <= p->len", (increment_magnitude <= p->len), return 1;);
  } else {
    increment_magnitude = header_size_increment;
#if 0
    /* Can't assert these as some callers speculatively call
         pbuf_header() to see if it's OK.  Will return 1 below instead. */
    /* Check that we've got the correct type of pbuf to work with */
    LWIP_ASSERT("p->type == PBUF_RAM || p->type == PBUF_POOL",
                p->type == PBUF_RAM || p->type == PBUF_POOL);
    /* Check that we aren't going to move off the beginning of the pbuf */
    LWIP_ASSERT("p->payload - increment_magnitude >= p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF",
                (u8_t *)p->payload - increment_magnitude >= (u8_t *)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF);
#endif
  }

  type = p->type;
  /* remember current payload pointer */
  payload = p->payload;

  /* pbuf types containing payloads? */
  if (type == PBUF_RAM || type == PBUF_POOL) {
    /* set new payload pointer */
    p->payload = (u8_t *)p->payload - header_size_increment;
    /* boundary check fails? */
    if ((u8_t *)p->payload < (u8_t *)p + SIZEOF_STRUCT_PBUF) {
      LWIP_DEBUGF( PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
        ("pbuf_header: failed as %p < %p (not enough space for new header size)\n",
        (void *)p->payload, (void *)(p + 1)));
      /* restore old payload pointer */
      p->payload = payload;
      /* bail out unsuccessfully */
      return 1;
    }
  /* pbuf types referring to external payloads? */
  } else if (type == PBUF_REF || type == PBUF_ROM) {
    /* hide a header in the payload? */
    if ((header_size_increment < 0) && (increment_magnitude <= p->len)) {
      /* increase payload pointer */
      p->payload = (u8_t *)p->payload - header_size_increment;
    } else if ((header_size_increment > 0) && force) {
      p->payload = (u8_t *)p->payload - header_size_increment;
    } else {
      /* cannot expand payload to front (yet!)
       * bail out unsuccessfully */
      return 1;
    }
  } else {
    /* Unknown type */
    LWIP_ASSERT("bad pbuf type", 0);
    return 1;
  }
  /* modify pbuf length fields */
  p->len += header_size_increment;
  p->tot_len += header_size_increment;

  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_header: old %p new %p (%"S16_F")\n",
    (void *)payload, (void *)p->payload, header_size_increment));

  return 0;
}

u8_t
pbuf_header(struct pbuf *p, s16_t header_size_increment)
{
   return pbuf_header_impl(p, header_size_increment, 0);
}

u8_t
pbuf_header_force(struct pbuf *p, s16_t header_size_increment)
{
   return pbuf_header_impl(p, header_size_increment, 1);
}

u8_t
pbuf_free(struct pbuf *p)
{
  u16_t type;
  struct pbuf *q;
  u8_t count;

  if (p == NULL) {
    LWIP_ASSERT("p != NULL", p != NULL);
    /* if assertions are disabled, proceed with debug output */
    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
      ("pbuf_free(p == NULL) was called.\n"));
    return 0;
  }
  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free(%p)\n", (void *)p));

  PERF_START;

  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_free: sane type",
    p->type == PBUF_RAM || p->type == PBUF_ROM ||
    p->type == PBUF_REF || p->type == PBUF_POOL);

  count = 0;
  /* de-allocate all consecutive pbufs from the head of the chain that
   * obtain a zero reference count after decrementing*/
  while (p != NULL) {
    u16_t ref;
    SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
    /* Since decrementing ref cannot be guaranteed to be a single machine operation
     * we must protect it. We put the new ref into a local variable to prevent
     * further protection. */
    SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
    /* all pbufs in a chain are referenced at least once */
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_free: p->ref > 0", p->ref > 0);
    /* decrease reference count (number of pointers to pbuf) */
    ref = --(p->ref);
    SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
    /* this pbuf is no longer referenced to? */
    if (ref == 0) {
      /* remember next pbuf in chain for next iteration */
      q = p->next;
      LWIP_DEBUGF( PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free: deallocating %p\n", (void *)p));
      type = p->type;
#if LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF
      /* is this a custom pbuf? */
      if ((p->flags & PBUF_FLAG_IS_CUSTOM) != 0) {
        struct pbuf_custom *pc = (struct pbuf_custom*)p;
        LWIP_ASSERT("pc->custom_free_function != NULL", pc->custom_free_function != NULL);
        pc->custom_free_function(p);
      } else
#endif /* LWIP_SUPPORT_CUSTOM_PBUF */
      {
        /* is this a pbuf from the pool? */
        if (type == PBUF_POOL) {
          memp_free(MEMP_PBUF_POOL, p);
        /* is this a ROM or RAM referencing pbuf? */
        } else if (type == PBUF_ROM || type == PBUF_REF) {
          memp_free(MEMP_PBUF, p);
        /* type == PBUF_RAM */
        } else {
          mem_free(p);
        }
      }
      count++;
      /* proceed to next pbuf */
      p = q;
    /* p->ref > 0, this pbuf is still referenced to */
    /* (and so the remaining pbufs in chain as well) */
    } else {
      LWIP_DEBUGF( PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_free: %p has ref %"U16_F", ending here.\n", (void *)p, ref));
      /* stop walking through the chain */
      p = NULL;
    }
  }
  PERF_STOP("pbuf_free");
  /* return number of de-allocated pbufs */
  return count;
}

u8_t
pbuf_clen(struct pbuf *p)
{
  u8_t len;

  len = 0;
  while (p != NULL) {
    ++len;
    p = p->next;
  }
  return len;
}

void
pbuf_ref(struct pbuf *p)
{
  SYS_ARCH_DECL_PROTECT(old_level);
  /* pbuf given? */
  if (p != NULL) {
    SYS_ARCH_PROTECT(old_level);
    ++(p->ref);
    SYS_ARCH_UNPROTECT(old_level);
  }
}

void
pbuf_cat(struct pbuf *h, struct pbuf *t)
{
  struct pbuf *p;

  LWIP_ERROR("(h != NULL) && (t != NULL) (programmer violates API)",
             ((h != NULL) && (t != NULL)), return;);

  /* proceed to last pbuf of chain */
  for (p = h; p->next != NULL; p = p->next) {
    /* add total length of second chain to all totals of first chain */
    p->tot_len += t->tot_len;
  }
  /* { p is last pbuf of first h chain, p->next == NULL } */
  LWIP_ASSERT("p->tot_len == p->len (of last pbuf in chain)", p->tot_len == p->len);
  LWIP_ASSERT("p->next == NULL", p->next == NULL);
  /* add total length of second chain to last pbuf total of first chain */
  p->tot_len += t->tot_len;
  /* chain last pbuf of head (p) with first of tail (t) */
  p->next = t;
  /* p->next now references t, but the caller will drop its reference to t,
   * so netto there is no change to the reference count of t.
   */
}

void
pbuf_chain(struct pbuf *h, struct pbuf *t)
{
  pbuf_cat(h, t);
  /* t is now referenced by h */
  pbuf_ref(t);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_chain: %p references %p\n", (void *)h, (void *)t));
}

struct pbuf *
pbuf_dechain(struct pbuf *p)
{
  struct pbuf *q;
  u8_t tail_gone = 1;
  /* tail */
  q = p->next;
  /* pbuf has successor in chain? */
  if (q != NULL) {
    /* assert tot_len invariant: (p->tot_len == p->len + (p->next? p->next->tot_len: 0) */
    LWIP_ASSERT("p->tot_len == p->len + q->tot_len", q->tot_len == p->tot_len - p->len);
    /* enforce invariant if assertion is disabled */
    q->tot_len = p->tot_len - p->len;
    /* decouple pbuf from remainder */
    p->next = NULL;
    /* total length of pbuf p is its own length only */
    p->tot_len = p->len;
    /* q is no longer referenced by p, free it */
    LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_dechain: unreferencing %p\n", (void *)q));
    tail_gone = pbuf_free(q);
    if (tail_gone > 0) {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE,
                  ("pbuf_dechain: deallocated %p (as it is no longer referenced)\n", (void *)q));
    }
    /* return remaining tail or NULL if deallocated */
  }
  /* assert tot_len invariant: (p->tot_len == p->len + (p->next? p->next->tot_len: 0) */
  LWIP_ASSERT("p->tot_len == p->len", p->tot_len == p->len);
  return ((tail_gone > 0) ? NULL : q);
}

err_t
pbuf_copy(struct pbuf *p_to, struct pbuf *p_from)
{
  u16_t offset_to=0, offset_from=0, len;

  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_copy(%p, %p)\n",
    (void*)p_to, (void*)p_from));

  /* is the target big enough to hold the source? */
  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy: target not big enough to hold source", ((p_to != NULL) &&
             (p_from != NULL) && (p_to->tot_len >= p_from->tot_len)), return ERR_ARG;);

  /* iterate through pbuf chain */
  do
  {
    /* copy one part of the original chain */
    if ((p_to->len - offset_to) >= (p_from->len - offset_from)) {
      /* complete current p_from fits into current p_to */
      len = p_from->len - offset_from;
    } else {
      /* current p_from does not fit into current p_to */
      len = p_to->len - offset_to;
    }
    MEMCPY((u8_t*)p_to->payload + offset_to, (u8_t*)p_from->payload + offset_from, len);
    offset_to += len;
    offset_from += len;
    LWIP_ASSERT("offset_to <= p_to->len", offset_to <= p_to->len);
    LWIP_ASSERT("offset_from <= p_from->len", offset_from <= p_from->len);
    if (offset_from >= p_from->len) {
      /* on to next p_from (if any) */
      offset_from = 0;
      p_from = p_from->next;
    }
    if (offset_to == p_to->len) {
      /* on to next p_to (if any) */
      offset_to = 0;
      p_to = p_to->next;
      LWIP_ERROR("p_to != NULL", (p_to != NULL) || (p_from == NULL) , return ERR_ARG;);
    }

    if ((p_from != NULL) && (p_from->len == p_from->tot_len)) {
      /* don't copy more than one packet! */
      LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy() does not allow packet queues!",
                 (p_from->next == NULL), return ERR_VAL;);
    }
    if ((p_to != NULL) && (p_to->len == p_to->tot_len)) {
      /* don't copy more than one packet! */
      LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy() does not allow packet queues!",
                  (p_to->next == NULL), return ERR_VAL;);
    }
  } while (p_from);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(PBUF_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf_copy: end of chain reached.\n"));
  return ERR_OK;
}

u16_t
pbuf_copy_partial(struct pbuf *buf, void *dataptr, u16_t len, u16_t offset)
{
  struct pbuf *p;
  u16_t left;
  u16_t buf_copy_len;
  u16_t copied_total = 0;

  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy_partial: invalid buf", (buf != NULL), return 0;);
  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_copy_partial: invalid dataptr", (dataptr != NULL), return 0;);

  left = 0;

  if ((buf == NULL) || (dataptr == NULL)) {
    return 0;
  }

  /* Note some systems use byte copy if dataptr or one of the pbuf payload pointers are unaligned. */
  for (p = buf; len != 0 && p != NULL; p = p->next) {
    if ((offset != 0) && (offset >= p->len)) {
      /* don't copy from this buffer -> on to the next */
      offset -= p->len;
    } else {
      /* copy from this buffer. maybe only partially. */
      buf_copy_len = p->len - offset;
      if (buf_copy_len > len)
          buf_copy_len = len;
      /* copy the necessary parts of the buffer */
      MEMCPY(&((char*)dataptr)[left], &((char*)p->payload)[offset], buf_copy_len);
      copied_total += buf_copy_len;
      left += buf_copy_len;
      len -= buf_copy_len;
      offset = 0;
    }
  }
  return copied_total;
}

#if LWIP_TCP && TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ && LWIP_WND_SCALE

void pbuf_split_64k(struct pbuf *p, struct pbuf **rest)
{
  *rest = NULL;
  if ((p != NULL) && (p->next != NULL)) {
    u16_t tot_len_front = p->len;
    struct pbuf *i = p;
    struct pbuf *r = p->next;

    /* continue until the total length (summed up as u16_t) overflows */
    while ((r != NULL) && ((u16_t)(tot_len_front + r->len) > tot_len_front)) {
      tot_len_front += r->len;
      i = r;
      r = r->next;
    }
    /* i now points to last packet of the first segment. Set next
       pointer to NULL */
    i->next = NULL;

    if (r != NULL) {
      /* Update the tot_len field in the first part */
      for (i = p; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
        i->tot_len -= r->tot_len;
        LWIP_ASSERT("tot_len/len mismatch in last pbuf",
                    (i->next != NULL) || (i->tot_len == i->len));
      }
      if (p->flags & PBUF_FLAG_TCP_FIN) {
        r->flags |= PBUF_FLAG_TCP_FIN;
      }

      /* tot_len field in rest does not need modifications */
      /* reference counters do not need modifications */
      *rest = r;
    }
  }
}
#endif /* LWIP_TCP && TCP_QUEUE_OOSEQ && LWIP_WND_SCALE */

struct pbuf*
pbuf_skip(struct pbuf* in, u16_t in_offset, u16_t* out_offset)
{
  u16_t offset_left = in_offset;
  struct pbuf* q = in;

  /* get the correct pbuf */
  while ((q != NULL) && (q->len <= offset_left)) {
    offset_left -= q->len;
    q = q->next;
  }
  if (out_offset != NULL) {
    *out_offset = offset_left;
  }
  return q;
}

err_t
pbuf_take(struct pbuf *buf, const void *dataptr, u16_t len)
{
  struct pbuf *p;
  u16_t buf_copy_len;
  u16_t total_copy_len = len;
  u16_t copied_total = 0;

  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_take: invalid buf", (buf != NULL), return ERR_ARG;);
  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_take: invalid dataptr", (dataptr != NULL), return ERR_ARG;);
  LWIP_ERROR("pbuf_take: buf not large enough", (buf->tot_len >= len), return ERR_MEM;);

  if ((buf == NULL) || (dataptr == NULL) || (buf->tot_len < len)) {
    return ERR_ARG;
  }

  /* Note some systems use byte copy if dataptr or one of the pbuf payload pointers are unaligned. */
  for (p = buf; total_copy_len != 0; p = p->next) {
    LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_take: invalid pbuf", p != NULL);
    buf_copy_len = total_copy_len;
    if (buf_copy_len > p->len) {
      /* this pbuf cannot hold all remaining data */
      buf_copy_len = p->len;
    }
    /* copy the necessary parts of the buffer */
    MEMCPY(p->payload, &((const char*)dataptr)[copied_total], buf_copy_len);
    total_copy_len -= buf_copy_len;
    copied_total += buf_copy_len;
  }
  LWIP_ASSERT("did not copy all data", total_copy_len == 0 && copied_total == len);
  return ERR_OK;
}

err_t
pbuf_take_at(struct pbuf *buf, const void *dataptr, u16_t len, u16_t offset)
{
  u16_t target_offset;
  struct pbuf* q = pbuf_skip(buf, offset, &target_offset);

  /* return requested data if pbuf is OK */
  if ((q != NULL) && (q->tot_len >= target_offset + len)) {
    u16_t remaining_len = len;
    const u8_t* src_ptr = (const u8_t*)dataptr;
    /* copy the part that goes into the first pbuf */
    u16_t first_copy_len = LWIP_MIN(q->len - target_offset, len);
    MEMCPY(((u8_t*)q->payload) + target_offset, dataptr, first_copy_len);
    remaining_len -= first_copy_len;
    src_ptr += first_copy_len;
    if (remaining_len > 0) {
      return pbuf_take(q->next, src_ptr, remaining_len);
    }
    return ERR_OK;
  }
  return ERR_MEM;
}

struct pbuf*
pbuf_coalesce(struct pbuf *p, pbuf_layer layer)
{
  struct pbuf *q;
  err_t err;
  if (p->next == NULL) {
    return p;
  }
  q = pbuf_alloc(layer, p->tot_len, PBUF_RAM);
  if (q == NULL) {
    /* @todo: what do we do now? */
    return p;
  }
  err = pbuf_copy(q, p);
  LWIP_ASSERT("pbuf_copy failed", err == ERR_OK);
  pbuf_free(p);
  return q;
}

#if LWIP_CHECKSUM_ON_COPY

err_t
pbuf_fill_chksum(struct pbuf *p, u16_t start_offset, const void *dataptr,
                 u16_t len, u16_t *chksum)
{
  u32_t acc;
  u16_t copy_chksum;
  char *dst_ptr;
  LWIP_ASSERT("p != NULL", p != NULL);
  LWIP_ASSERT("dataptr != NULL", dataptr != NULL);
  LWIP_ASSERT("chksum != NULL", chksum != NULL);
  LWIP_ASSERT("len != 0", len != 0);

  if ((start_offset >= p->len) || (start_offset + len > p->len)) {
    return ERR_ARG;
  }

  dst_ptr = ((char*)p->payload) + start_offset;
  copy_chksum = LWIP_CHKSUM_COPY(dst_ptr, dataptr, len);
  if ((start_offset & 1) != 0) {
    copy_chksum = SWAP_BYTES_IN_WORD(copy_chksum);
  }
  acc = *chksum;
  acc += copy_chksum;
  *chksum = FOLD_U32T(acc);
  return ERR_OK;
}
#endif /* LWIP_CHECKSUM_ON_COPY */

u8_t
pbuf_get_at(struct pbuf* p, u16_t offset)
{
  u16_t q_idx;
  struct pbuf* q = pbuf_skip(p, offset, &q_idx);

  /* return requested data if pbuf is OK */
  if ((q != NULL) && (q->len > q_idx)) {
    return ((u8_t*)q->payload)[q_idx];
  }
  return 0;
}

void
pbuf_put_at(struct pbuf* p, u16_t offset, u8_t data)
{
  u16_t q_idx;
  struct pbuf* q = pbuf_skip(p, offset, &q_idx);

  /* write requested data if pbuf is OK */
  if ((q != NULL) && (q->len > q_idx)) {
    ((u8_t*)q->payload)[q_idx] = data;
  }
}

u16_t
pbuf_memcmp(struct pbuf* p, u16_t offset, const void* s2, u16_t n)
{
  u16_t start = offset;
  struct pbuf* q = p;

  /* get the correct pbuf */
  while ((q != NULL) && (q->len <= start)) {
    start -= q->len;
    q = q->next;
  }
  /* return requested data if pbuf is OK */
  if ((q != NULL) && (q->len > start)) {
    u16_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      u8_t a = pbuf_get_at(q, start + i);
      u8_t b = ((const u8_t*)s2)[i];
      if (a != b) {
        return i+1;
      }
    }
    return 0;
  }
  return 0xffff;
}

u16_t
pbuf_memfind(struct pbuf* p, const void* mem, u16_t mem_len, u16_t start_offset)
{
  u16_t i;
  u16_t max = p->tot_len - mem_len;
  if (p->tot_len >= mem_len + start_offset) {
    for (i = start_offset; i <= max; i++) {
      u16_t plus = pbuf_memcmp(p, i, mem, mem_len);
      if (plus == 0) {
        return i;
      }
    }
  }
  return 0xFFFF;
}

u16_t
pbuf_strstr(struct pbuf* p, const char* substr)
{
  size_t substr_len;
  if ((substr == NULL) || (substr[0] == 0) || (p->tot_len == 0xFFFF)) {
    return 0xFFFF;
  }
  substr_len = strlen(substr);
  if (substr_len >= 0xFFFF) {
    return 0xFFFF;
  }
  return pbuf_memfind(p, substr, (u16_t)substr_len, 0);
}